Sublingual Immunotherapy for Treatment of Food Allergy

Sublingual immunotherapy for peanut allergy: Clinical and immunologic evidence of desensitization. Kim EH, Bird JA, Kulis M, Laubach S, Pons L, Shreffler W, Steele P, Kamilaris J, Vickery B, Burks AW. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011 Mar;127(3):640-6.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.12.1083. Epub 2011 Feb 1.

Sublingual immunotherapy for peanut allergy: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter trial. Fleischer DM, Burks AW, Vickery BP, Scurlock AM, Wood RA, Jones SM, Sicherer SH, Liu AH, Stablein D, Henning AK, Mayer L, Lindblad R, Plaut M, Sampson HA; Consortium of Food Allergy Research (CoFAR). J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013 Jan;131(1):119-27.e1-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.11.011.

A novel assessment of sustained unresponsiveness (SU) after long term sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) in peanut allergic children results for a 4 year phase II clinical trial. Ahmad Hamad, MD, Edwin H. Kim, MD, A. Wesley Burks, MD, FAAAAI, Deanna K. Hamilton, RN, Lauren Herlihy, RN, MSN, CPNP, Sarah A. Bennick, RN, MSN, CPNP, Pamela H. Steele, MSN CPNP AE-C. J Allergy Clin Immunol. February 2018 Volume 141, Issue 2, Supplement, Page AB200.

A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study of sublingual versus oral immunotherapy for the treatment of peanut allergy. Narisety SD, Frischmeyer-Guerrerio PA, Keet CA, Gorelik M, Schroeder J, Hamilton RG, Wood RA. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015 May;135(5):1275-82.e1-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.11.005. Epub 2014 Dec 18.

Thank you for inviting me to share the scientific information about a treatment option that is available now, using allergy extracts that all allergists have in their offices. You will see that this form of treatment provides a margin of safety if an allergic food is eaten, and there are minimal safety concerns with the treatment itself. I hope this information will help expand your treatment option discussion with your own allergist.

My father was a real pioneer in the use of sublingual immunotherapy or allergy drops for treating not only airborne allergies, but also food allergies. For the last almost 50 years, we have treated 155,000 patients with this form of immunotherapy.

Back in 2000 we decided that we would put together the La Crosse Method Protocol, which summarized all of the experience that we had in our clinic as well as research that had been done on sublingual immunotherapy. We did this in an effort to provide more patients the benefit of sublingual immunotherapy by sharing our experience with our colleagues.

We also felt that with the large clinical experience that we had, we should set a standard of care for this form of immunotherapy.

In our clinic, we treat patients’ airborne allergies as well as their food allergies. The first study that we’re going to look at is looking at actual patients in our clinic that were treated for not only their airborne allergies but also their food allergies.

They were all selected because they had very severe peanut allergy. They had a history of reactions, along with a peanut specific IgE over 15. Actually, on average, the peanut specific IgE was 95.7. With these criteria, the estimated risk with an accidental exposure or ingestion of peanut would be that over 95% of them would have a serious reaction if they ate peanuts.

We then sent out a validated questionnaire to these patients and there was a 60% response rate. In this highly motivated group, despite their best efforts, 31% of them had eaten peanut since beginning sublingual immunotherapy. In this very high-risk group, however, 73% of them did not require emergency room evaluation, 86% of them did not need epinephrine and there were no hospitalizations or ICU admissions.

One of them mother’s wrote that she had been going through her son’s backpack at the end of the day and found a wrapper for a granola bar that contained peanuts. She went running into the other room to ask him had he actually eaten the granola bar, which he had, but he had eaten it that morning. Because he had developed no symptoms in the intervening day, she did not feel it was necessary to give him epinephrine or go to the emergency room.

When I talk to families in our clinic and ask them what their goals of treatment are, typically they respond to me that their main goal is really decreasing the risk of a severe reaction if their child eats an allergic food. I would add that I also think it’s important that this be done with minimal risk from the treatment itself.

In this presentation we’re going to talk about two forms of immunotherapy. One is sublingual immunotherapy, which is typically done using a liquid extract delivered under the tongue, or oral immunotherapy, which is done typically using a powder and it is then swallowed.

With either form of immunotherapy, you start with a very small amount of the food or antigen and gradually increase until you reach a maintenance dose.

The main difference between sublingual immunotherapy and oral immunotherapy is where we place the extract is very important. The area under the tongue is an immunologically privileged site. There are very high concentrations of dendritic cells, which are the cells that take up the extract and communicate with the immune system to provide systemic protection. Because we’re putting the extract in this unique site, we only require milligram amounts to get the effect, where with oral immunotherapy using a powder, markedly higher doses are required.

We’re going to be looking at three randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trials looking specifically at peanut.

Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled means that subjects in a research trial are randomly assigned to either active or placebo treatment. It is double-blind, meaning that the patient’s, the families, the researchers, have no idea which group the patient is in. This is considered one of our best scientific types of research designs to make sure that the researcher’s bias isn’t impacting the results.

Unfortunately, with food immunotherapy, there are no blood or skin tests that can tell us with certainty if immunotherapy is effective, so we have to use graded oral food challenges to determine efficacy. This is true with all of the food immunotherapy trials.

We give gradually increasing amounts until a person has a reaction. We then refer to all of those doses added up to be the cumulative tolerated dose.

A recent study helped us get a real sense of what the thresholds are that provide a margin of safety with accidental exposure. This first study looked at patients who had a baseline threshold for peanut of less than 100 milligrams, or 1/3 of a peanut. With immunotherapy, if we can achieve a threshold of 300 milligrams, the risk of reaction from accidental exposure drops 100 fold. If 1000 milligrams, or roughly 3 peanuts, are achieved, this drops the risk another 70 fold.

Let’s look at the first randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. This was a project that was started about 15 years ago. I approached one of our leading food allergy researchers in the country, and we put our heads together, and by using the clinical experience that we had at Allergy Associates of La Crosse along with his research experience, we were able to develop a protocol that has been used in all of the following sublingual immunotherapy peanut trials.

Let’s look at study 1. There were 18 children. The maintenance dose was 2 milligrams a day and they were treated for 12 months.

Safety was very good. The main side effect was just mouth itching that was self-limited and resolved without treatment.

After 12 months of treatment, the placebo group could only tolerate 85 milligrams of peanut, where the active treatment group was able to tolerate over 1,700 milligrams of peanut. This is far above the 1,000 milligram threshold that decreases the risk of a serious reaction with ingestion by at least 170 fold.

These encouraging results prompted the next study which is a randomized double-blind placebo controlled multicenter trial. These were selected food allergy research groups appointed by the National Institutes of Health as being our best research facilities for immunotherapy trials.

There were 40 patients, five different sites, safety was very good.

In the first group, they used a 1.3 milligram maintenance dose. Again, the main side effect was just mouth itching.

At the end of 44 weeks, the patient had gone from being able to tolerate only 3.5 milligrams of peanut, which is about 1/100 of a peanut, to at 44 weeks achieving almost 500 milligrams, and at 68 weeks, almost a thousand milligrams.

They then also did a crossover arm where they looked at 3.7 milligrams as the maintenance dose. Safety was the same and the results were the same.

We now have results of an open trial that was done using the same basic protocol but treated the children for four years.

There were 55 patients. They used a 4 milligram, once daily maintenance dose and after 48 months they were able to tolerate 2,900 milligrams of peanut. This is in a group of children that were able to tolerate less than 1 milligram of peanut at the start of the study.

To me, this shows the power of immunotherapy, specifically sublingual immunotherapy, that we were able to use a dose that is roughly 1/100 of a peanut once a day and were able to achieve a tolerance of 9 peanuts, which is certainly higher than an accidental ingestion likely would be.

Clinically we also have seen that the longer you treat the patients, the better the results. Safety, again, in all of these studies, has been very good.

I’d now like to look at the final study which is a sublingual immunotherapy versus oral immunotherapy randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial.

There were 21 patients in the sublingual group of, as always, very small amounts of antigen are required. They use 3.7 milligrams as the maintenance dose where with the oral immunotherapy group, 2,000 milligrams was required for their maintenance dose.

The safety showed marked differences. In the sublingual group, the main side effect, still was mouth itching, but in the oral immunotherapy group, the incidence of side effects not only of mouth itching were much higher, but even with serious side effects such as effects on breathing or such severe gastrointestinal symptoms that patients had to withdraw because of the severity of the symptoms. In the trial, the only epinephrine that was required were for patients in the oral immunotherapy group. No patients in the sublingual immunotherapy group required epinephrine for the side effects.

When we look at the success of immunotherapy, there still is no question that with oral immunotherapy you can achieve markedly higher doses than you can with sublingual immunotherapy, but the safety profile is markedly better with sublingual immunotherapy. And, the level that is achieved with sublingual immunotherapy is still a clinically meaningful amount, meaning an amount that we know would decrease the risk at least one hundredfold.

I believe I have shown you that the scientific evidence of efficacy has been showed in several National Institutes of Health sponsored studies, meaning non-industry studies. The protocols that are presented in the studies are available for use by your allergist now.

All of the studies have all of the information regarding dosing, frequency of dose increases, and maintenance doses that your allergist can review and find in great detail from these published studies.

The peanut extract that was used in all of the previous studies is the FDA approved extract that we use for skin testing and is readily available to your allergist to use in an off-label manner.

Unfortunately, there are not many allergists who offer sublingual immunotherapy for food allergies and they’re even fewer who offer this form of treatment for patients with severe food allergies.

Through Allergychoices with our La Crosse Method Protocol, we have shared this information with about 2,000 doctors over the last several years. This is a protocol that not only treats for peanut allergy, but for all of the food allergies as well as airborne allergies at the same time.

If your allergist would be interested in finding out more, please have them contact Allergychoices. We will freely share our protocol with them.

So in summary, if the goals of treatment of severe food allergies are to decrease the risk of severe reactions with an accidental exposure, and the treatment having minimal risk from the treatment itself, then I think sublingual immunotherapy fulfills all of these criteria.

Thank you.